Terapia de produção audiovisual associada a estimulação por corrente contínua melhora nomeação em paciente com afasia de Broca e doença de Parkinson / Audiovisual production therapy associated with transcranial current stimulation improves naming in a patient with Broca's aphasia and Parkinson's disease

RESUMO A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, caracterizada por disfunções motoras e não motoras. Pacientes com DP também podem apresentar problemas de linguagem, incluindo deficit em tarefas de nomeação. Dificuldade em tarefas de nomeação é uma característica importante da afasia de Broca, transtorno de linguagem associado a lesões pós-acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) no córtex pré-frontal inferior esquerdo (área de Broca). Aqui, apresenta-se o caso de um paciente de 79 anos diagnosticado com DP (estágio 4 na escala de Hoehn e Yahr) e afasia crônica não fluente pós-AVC, com deficit de nomeação severos. O paciente foi tratado com uma nova combinação de terapia audiovisual de produção e estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), técnica neuromodulatória não invasiva, que tem sido cada vez mais adotada para potencializar terapias fonoaudiológicas. ETCC anodal (2 mA) foi aplicada sobre o córtex pré-frontal inferior esquerdo (F7 no sistema 10/20), durante nove sessões de 20 minutos, ao longo de duas semanas, enquanto o paciente tentava nomear imagens de objetos comuns com o auxílio de vídeos curtos mostrando uma boca articulando os sons do nome do objeto (pista audiovisual). Observou-se aumento significativo nos escores de nomeação entre o pré e o pós-tratamento, tanto para imagens treinadas, quanto para não treinadas, mas fonemicamente similares (generalização). Os resultados apresentaram indícios iniciais de que terapia audiovisual de produção associada à ETCC anodal sobre a área de Broca pode representar uma alternativa viável para pacientes com deficits de nomeação severos.

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms. PD patients may present language problems, including deficits in confrontation naming. Naming deficits are also an important feature of Broca's aphasia, a condition associated with post-stroke damage to the left inferior prefrontal cortex (Broca's area). We present the case of a 79-year old, male patient diagnosed with both PD (stage 4 in Hoehn and Yahr's scale) and chronic post-stroke, non-fluent aphasia. The patient, with particularly severe naming deficits, was treated with a novel combination of audiovisual production therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive neuromodulatory technique that has been increasingly used to potentiate speech therapy. Anodal tDCS (2 mA) was applied to the left inferior prefrontal cortex (F7 in the 10/20 system) in nine 20-min sessions over two weeks while the patient tried to name pictures of common objects aided by short videos of an articulating mouth (audiovisual cue). We found significant pre- to post-training naming improvement for treated items and for untreated, phonemically similar items (generalization). The results provide initial indication that audiovisual production therapy combined with anodal tDCS over Broca's area may represent a viable treatment alternative for patients with severe naming deficits.

What are the barriers to participation in a neuromodulation pilot trial for aphasia after stroke? / Quais são as barreiras para a participação em estudo piloto de neuromodulação para afasia após acidente vascular cerebral?

ABSTRACT Purpose Aphasia is a common and debilitating manifestation of stroke. Transcranial electrical stimulation uses low-intensity electric currents to induce changes in neuronal activity. Recent evidence suggests that noninvasive techniques can be a valuable rehabilitation tool for patients with aphasia. However, it is difficult to recruit patients with aphasia for trials, and the reasons for this are not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the main difficulties involved in patient's recruitment and inclusion in a randomized clinical study of neuromodulation in aphasia. Methods We evaluated the reasons for the exclusion of patients in a pilot, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which patients diagnosed with motor aphasia after stroke were recruited from March to November 2018. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results Only 12.9% (4) of patients with ischemic stroke were included in the clinical trial. A total of 87.1% (27) of the 31 recruited patients were excluded for various reasons including: sensory aphasia (32.2%), dysarthria (25.8%), spontaneous clinical recovery (16.1%), previous stroke (6.4%), and death or mutism (3.2%). Conclusion The presence of other types of aphasia, dysarthria, spontaneous recovery, deaths, and mutism were barriers to recruiting patients evidenced in this neuromodulation study.

RESUMO Objetivo A afasia é uma manifestação comum e debilitante do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A estimulação elétrica transcraniana por corrente contínua oferece uma corrente elétrica de baixa intensidade que induz alterações na atividade neuronal e evidências recentes sugerem que técnicas não invasivas podem servir como uma ferramenta benéfica para a reabilitação de pacientes afásicos. No entanto, é muito difícil recrutar esses pacientes para estudos clínicos e as razões não são claras. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as principais dificuldades envolvidas no recrutamento e inclusão de pacientes em ensaio clínico piloto randomizado sobre neuromodulação em pacientes com afasia. Método Foram avaliadas as razões para a exclusão e não inclusão de pacientes em um ensaio clínico piloto, randomizado, duplo-cego no qual foram incluídos pacientes diagnosticados com afasia motora após AVC no período de março a novembro de 2018. Análise estatística descritiva foi realizada. Resultados Apenas 12,9% (4) dos pacientes com AVC isquêmico foram incluídos no estudo. Um total de 87,1% (27) dos 31 pacientes recrutados foram excluídos por apresentarem afasia sensorial (32,2%), disartria (25,8%), recuperação clínica espontânea (16,1%), AVC prévio (6,4%) e óbito ou mutismo (3,2%). Conclusão A presença de outros tipos de afasia, disartria, recuperação espontânea, óbitos e mutismo foram as principais barreiras ao recrutamento de pacientes evidenciadas nesse estudo de neuromodulação.

Therapeutic effect of electric-balance stimulation with scalp acupuncture for motor aphasia after cerebral infarction / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy between scalp acupuncture electrical stimulation and routine scalp acupuncture for motor aphasia in subacute stage of cerebral infarction.@*METHODS@#A total of 54 patients with motor aphasia in subacute stage of cerebral infarction were randomly divided into an observation group (27 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (27 cases, 2 cases dropped off ). Both groups were treated with routine medication and language training. In the observation group, scalp acupuncture was given at bilateral lower 2/5 of the parietal and temporal anterior oblique line and temporal frontline; after the arrival of @*RESULTS@#After treatment, the scores of listening comprehension, retelling, naming, spontaneous conversation and BDAE grade in the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#The scalp acupuncture electrical stimulation could improve cerebral circulation, activate specific functional areas of cerebral cortex, and promote the reconstruction and recovery of brain language function. Its curative effect is better than conventional scalp acupuncture.

Treatment of agrammatism in oral and written production in patients with Brocas aphasia The use of implicit and explicit learning / Tratamento do agramatismo na produção oral e escrita em pacientes com afasia de Broca: uso do aprendizado implícito e explícito

Abstract. Several approaches to the rehabilitation of agrammatism use implicit and explicit learning methods. Objective: To verify the effect of adapted Mapping Therapy and ORLA methods (explicit versus implicit learning) on the oral and written production in spontaneous language among agrammatic patients with Broca's aphasia. Methods: Six individuals were submitted to Mapping Therapy and ORLA (Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia) treatments. Samples of oral and written production from a picture description task were compared pre and post-treatment. Results: In Mapping Therapy, the patients presented better performance after the training for the variables related to written production: number of words, nouns, verbs, closed-class words, and number of complete sentences. Regarding oral output, the patients had similar performance before and after the therapeutic process. In ORLA, the patients presented a significant difference before and after the therapeutic process in the variables related to oral production, increasing the number of words, number of verbs, and speech rate. There was no difference in pre and post-treatment performance in written production. Conclusion: Both implicit and explicit learning can be used in the treatment of agrammatism. Mapping Therapy was more effective for the treatment of agrammatism in written production, while ORLA was more effective for the agrammatism in oral production.

Resumo. Várias abordagens terapêuticas para a reabilitação do agramatismo utilizam métodos implícitos e explícitos de aprendizado. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito dos métodos adaptados Mapping Therapy e ORLA (aprendizagem explícita versus implícita) na produção oral e escrita de discurso em pacientes agramáticos com afasia de Broca. Métodos: Seis indivíduos foram submetidos aos tratamentos Mapping Therapy e ORLA. Amostras das produções oral e escrita na tarefa de descrição da prancha foram comparadas antes e após o tratamento. Resultados: No método Mapping Therapy, os pacientes apresentaram melhor desempenho após o tratamento nas seguintes variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção escrita: número de palavras, substantivos, verbos, palavras de classe fechada e número de frases completas. Em relação à emissão oral, os pacientes mantiveram desempenho semelhante pré e pós processo terapêutico. No método ORLA, os pacientes apresentaram diferença significativa antes e após o processo terapêutico nas variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção oral, com aumento no número de palavras, número de verbos e velocidade de fala. Não houve diferença no desempenho pré e pós tratamento na produção escrita. Conclusão: Tanto a aprendizagem implícita como a explícita têm o potencial de serem usadas no tratamento do agramatismo. A Mapping Therapy foi mais eficaz no tratamento do agramatismo na produção escrita, enquanto o ORLA foi mais eficaz para o agramatismo na produção oral.

Neurosífilis meningovascular como causa de accidente cerebrovascular en paciente joven: reporte de caso / Meningovascular neurosyphilis as a cause of stroke in a young patient: case report

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular en adultos jóvenes es un evento raro presente en menos del 5% de los casos a nivel mundial, representando un reto diagnóstico debido a las múltiples etiologías posibles, entre ellas las infecciones. Del 15% al 40% de los pacientes con sífilis no tratada pueden desarrollar sífilis terciaria con manifestaciones principalmente neurodestructivas, descritas en la sífilis tardía pero con meningitis crónica y accidente cerebrovascular de tipo meningovascular en su fase temprana. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 40 años con antecedente de cambios de comportamiento, alucinaciones auditivas e insomnio, quien consulta a urgencias por presentar hemiplejia derecha, afasia motora, lesiones palmo-plantares y roseta en glande asociada a adenopatías inguinales. Dados los hallazgos imagenológicos y de líquido cefalorraquídeo se estableció diagnóstico de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico de circulación cerebral anterior izquierda secundario a neurosífilis meningovascular, con confirmación de inmunosupresión por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2):53-8

Abstract Stroke in young adults is a rare event present in less than 5% of cases worldwide, representing a diagnostic challenge due to the multiple possible etiologies, including infections. 15% to 40% of patients with untreated syphilis may develop tertiary syphilis; with mainly neurodestructive manifestations, described in late syphilis, but in its early stage with chronic meningitis and meningovascular stroke. The case of a 40-year-old male patient with a history of behavior changes, auditory hallucinations and insomnia is presented, who consults the emergency department for presenting right hemiplegia, motor aphasia, palmoplantar lesions and rosette in glans associated with inguinal adenopathies. Given the imaging and cerebrospinal fluid findings, a diagnosis of ischemic stroke of the left anterior cerebral circulation was established, secondary to meningovascular neurosyphilis, with confirmation of immunosuppression due to human immunodeficiency virus. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2):53-8

Validity and features of spontaneous speech in acute aphasia as evaluated with the Brief Aphasia Evaluation: is fluent aphasia more severe than nonfluent aphasia? / Validez y características del habla espontánea en la afasia aguda evaluada con la Evaluación Breve de la Afasia: ¿Es la afasia fluente más severa que la no fluente?

ABSTRACT Purpose To explore the relationship between the two components of spontaneous speech in the Brief Aphasia Evaluation (BAE) and the rest of the scale represented by its three main factors: The Expression, Comprehension, and Complementary factors. Methods BAE has proven validity and reliability. The evaluation of spontaneous speech in this scale comprises two components: Performance Rank (score: 0-3) and Type of Disorder (Fluency [F], Content [C], or Mixed [FC]) when rank < 3. Sixty-seven patients with left brain damage and 30 demographically matched healthy participants (HP) were studied. It was analyzed the correlation between Performance Rank and the three BAE factors and, recoding 3 as 0 and < 3 as 1, the sensitivity/specificity of this component for each factor. The effect of Type of Disorder on the three factors was analyzed. Results 1) Performance Rank: Correlations of 0.84 (Expression), 0.81 (Comprehension), and 0.76 (Complementary) were observed, with a sensitivity and specificity ≥ 78% for any factor; 2) Type of Disorder: The performance significantly decreased from FC to C and from C to F in Expression (FC < C < F), from FC to C and from FC to F also in Comprehension and Complementary, from patients with any type of disorder to HP. Conclusion Performance Rank was a relevant indicator of aphasia by its consistency with valid and comprehensive dimensions of acute language impairments. A degree difference between F and C was observed, being F a milder disorder; i.e., fluency problems were less severe than retrieval or anomia ones.

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar la relación entre los dos componentes del habla espontánea en la Evaluación Breve de la Afasia (EBA) y el resto de la escala, representada por sus tres factores principales: Expresión, Comprensión y Complementario. Método EBA ha demostrado validez y confiabilidad. La evaluación del habla espontánea consta de dos componentes: Grado de Desempeño (puntuación: 0-3) y Tipo de Trastorno (Fluidez (F), Contenido (C), o Mixto (FC)) cuando grado<3. Se estudiaron 67 pacientes con lesión cerebral izquierda y 30 participantes sanos (PS), emparejados demográficamente. Se analizó la correlación entre Grado de Desempeño y los tres factores de EBA y, recodificando 3 como 0 y <3 como 1, la sensibilidad/especificidad del componente para cada factor. Se analizó el efecto de Tipo de Trastorno sobre los tres factores. Resultados 1) Grado de Desempeño: Se observaron correlaciones de 0,84 (Expresión), 0,81 (Comprensión), y 0,76 (Complementario), con una sensibilidad y especificidad ≥ 78% para cualquier factor; 2) Tipo de Trastorno: El desempeño disminuyó significativamente desde FC a C y desde C a F en Expresión (FC<C<F); desde FC a C y desde FC a F también en Comprensión y Complementario; desde los pacientes con cualquier tipo de trastorno a PS. Conclusión Grado de Desempeño fue un indicador relevante de la afasia por su consistencia con dimensiones válidas y comprensivas de trastornos agudos del lenguaje. Se observó una diferencia de grado entre F y C, siendo F un trastorno más leve, vale decir, los problemas de fluidez fueron menos severos que los de evocación o anomia.

Digital Therapeutics: Emerging New Therapy for Neurologic Deficits after Stroke / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Digital therapeutics is an evidence-based intervention using high-quality software, with the sole purpose of treatment. As many healthcare systems are encountering high demands of quality outcomes, the need for digital therapeutics is gradually increasing in the clinical field. We conducted review of the implications of digital therapeutics in the treatment of neurological deficits for stroke patients. The implications of digital therapeutics have been discussed in four domains: cognition, speech and aphasia, motor, and vision. It was evident that different forms of digital therapeutics such as online platforms, virtual reality trainings, and iPad applications have been investigated in many trials to test its feasibility in clinical use. Although digital therapeutics may deliver high-quality solutions to healthcare services, the medicalization of digital therapeutics is accompanied with many limitations. Clinically validated digital therapeutics should be developed to prove its efficacy in stroke rehabilitation.

Pheochromocytoma with Brain Metastasis: A Extremely Rare Case in Worldwide

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that mainly arises from the medulla of the adrenal gland. Some PCCs become malignant and metastasize to other organs. For example, it typically involves skeletal system, liver, lung, and regional lymph nodes. However, only a few cases of PCC with brain metastasis have been reported worldwide. We report a case of metastatic brain tumor from PCC in South Korea in 2016. A 52-year-old man presented with headache, dizziness and motor aphasia. He had a medical history of PCC with multi-organ metastasis, previously underwent several operations, and was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Brain MRIs showed a brain tumor on the left parietal lobe. Postoperative pathology confirmed that the metastatic brain tumor derived from malignant PCC. This is the first report PCC with brain metastasis in South Korea.

Estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua: estudo sobre respostas em tarefas de nomeação em afásicos / Transcranial direct current stimulation: a study on naming performance in aphasic individuals

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar os resultados nas tarefas de nomeação de pacientes afásicos após AVC dos grupos ativo e controle. Método Estudo duplo-cego, randomizado controlado com 14 pacientes. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a cinco sessões de 20 minutos de 2 mA em dias consecutivos. O catodo foi posicionado na área homóloga à Broca e o anodo sobre a região supraorbital do hemisfério esquerdo. Os testes de Boston e Snodgrass foram aplicados e os resultados comparados entre os grupos. Resultados Não houve resultados significativos para as sequências 1 e 2 no teste do Snodgrass. No teste de Boston, os dados indicaram uma diferença significativa para o tempo médio de acertos com estratégia. Conclusão Os resultados sugerem que a ETCC simultânea (anódica e catódica) é um método que pode auxiliar a reabilitação de pacientes com afasia do tipo anômica e de Broca, após AVC, e que as estratégias linguísticas deveriam ser consideradas nas análises das respostas dos testes de nomeação.

ABSTRACT Purpose Compare the results in naming tasks of after-stroke aphasic individuals divided into active and placebo groups pre- and post-transcranial direct current stimulation. Methods A double-blind, randomized, controlled study conducted with 14 individuals. Patients underwent five 20-min sessions with stimulation of 2mA's on consecutive days. The cathode was placed over the Broca's homologous area and the anode was placed over the supraorbital region of the left hemisphere. Boston and Snodgrass naming tasks were assessed before and after the stimulation sessions and the results were compared between the groups. Results No significant results were observed for sequences 1 and 2 in the Snodgrass test. The Boston test results indicated significant difference related to mean time for correct responses with strategy. Conclusion The results suggest that simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation (anodic and cathodic) is a method that can improve the rehabilitation of patients with anomic and Broca's aphasia after stroke, and that language strategies should be considered in the analysis of naming task responses.

A subjetivação de mulheres com deficiência motora congênita: o papel do outro e dos processos formativos / The subjectivation of women with congenital motor deficiency: the role of other and formative processes influence / La subjetivación de mujeres con discapacidad motora congénita: el papel del otro y de los procesos formativos

Este estudo buscou compreender como se constitui o processo de subjetivação de adultos com deficiência motora congênita, participantes de uma ONG voltada a pessoas com deficiência. Participaram duas mulheres adultas, de 37 e 47 anos, com deficiência motora congênita, frequentadoras de um espaço educacional não formal, localizado na Zona Oeste do Recife-PE. Para a construção dos dados, utilizou-se o método narrativo de entrevista, fundamentando a análise na proposta dos núcleos de significação, de base sócio-histórica. Os resultados revelaram que a educação não formal e a educação informal estiveram mais presentes no processo de subjetivação dessas mulheres que a educação formal, e que os outros significativos não eram pertencentes à família e se configuraram como agentes essenciais na constituição dessa subjetivação. Ademais, verificou-se que essas mulheres têm diferentes trajetórias, gostos e interesses, constituindo-se como seres singulares, não sendo a deficiência o elemento definidor dessa subjetivação

This study aimed at comprehending how establish the subjectivation process of adults with congenital motor deficiency that participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) which serves people with disabilities. Research with 37 and 47-year-old adult women with congenital motor deficiency. They attend a non-formal educational space localized in the west of Recife-PE. For attainment of data, was used narrative interview method basing the analysis on the core of meaning proposal of socio-historical foundings. Results of the research revealed that non-formal education and informal education were more prominent in the subjectivation of these women than formal education. Moreover, it has been shown that their family were not a significant factor, despite the noteworthiness of others characterized as essential agents in their subjectivation construction. Furthermore, it was verified these women have different paths, different tastes and interests, which definite them as singular and their disability was not a fundamental element in their subjectivation constitution

Este estudio ha buscado comprender como se constituye el proceso subjetivo de adultos con discapacidad motora congénita, participantes de una ONG centrada en atender a personas con discapacidad. Participaron dos mujeres adultas, de 37 y 47 años, con discapacidad motora congénita, que asisten a un espacio educacional no formal, localizado en la Zona Oeste de la ciudad de Recife-PE. Para construir los datos se ha utilizado el método narrativo de entrevista, basando el análisis en la propuesta de los núcleos de significado, de base socio-histórica. Los resultados han revelado que la educación no formal y la educación informal estuvieron más presentes en el proceso de subjetivación de esas mujeres que la educación formal y que los otros significativos no pertenecían a la familia y se configuran como agentes esenciales en la constitución de esa subjetivación. Además, se ha verificado que esas mujeres tienen trayectorias, gustos e intereses distintos que las constituyen como seres singulares no siendo la discapacidad el elemento que define esa subjetivación

Expressive aphasia as the manifestation of hyperglycemic crisis in type 2 diabetes

No abstract available.

Clinical research of post-stroke motor aphasia treated with acupoint application of jieyu plaster combined with acupuncture / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the difference in clinical efficacy on post-stroke motor aphasia among the combined therapy of acupoint application of jieyu plaster and acupuncture, simple acupuncture and simple acupoint application of jieyu plaster.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-six patients of post-stroke motor aphasia were randomized into an acupuncture group (28 cases) , an acupoint application gruop (29 cases) and the combined therapy group (29 cases). In the acupuncture group, acupuncture was applied at the Speech No. 1 area and three-tongue needling points, once a day, 6 times a week. In the acupoint application group, jieyue plaster was applied to Yongquan (KI 1) and Laogong (PC 8), once a day, and the bilateral acupoints were selected alternatively. In the combined therapy group, the therapeutic methods of the first two groups were used in combination. The treatment lasted for 4 weeks in the three groups. The speech function score was observed and compared before and after treatment in the three groups and the efficacy was compared among the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate was 86.2% (25/29) in the combined therapy group, which was better than 67.9% (19/28) in the acupuncture group and 69.0% (20/29) in the acupoint application group (both P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of spontaneous conversation, restatement and nomenclature in the speech function were all improved as compared with those before treatment in the three groups (all P < 0.01). The results in the combined therapy group were apparently better than those in the acupuncture group and the acupoint application group (all P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The combined therapy of acupoint application of jieyu plaster and acupuncture apparently improves the speech function in the treatment of post-stroke motor aphasia and the efficacy is better than that of simple acupuncture or simple acupoint application.</p>

Rehabilitación neuropsicológica en un caso de afasia motora aferente / Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in a Case of Afferent Motor Aphasia / Reabilitação neuropsicológica num caso de afasia motora aferente

Objetivo. Las alteraciones derivadas del daño cerebral, como los síndromes afásicos, pueden desencadenar disfunciones en diferentes niveles de la actividad del paciente. La neuropsicología de Luria ha sido la disciplina dedicada a la caracterización funcional y al análisis rehabilitatorio de los síndromes afásicos. Con frecuencia, a este análisis se incorporan datos recogidos con técnicas neurolingüísticas y de neuroimagen (TAC, fMRI). Presentar un método de rehabilitación que, basado en los principios de Luria, demuestre la ventaja de utilizar una evaluación y un programa de rehabilitación relacionados con un diagnóstico para la creación de tratamientos para la afasia motora aferente. Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso en una paciente de 30 años de edad con reciente evento vascular cerebral, con evaluación pre y postratamiento. La evaluación inicial incluyó el diagnóstico neuropsicológico, para el cual se utilizó una batería de evaluación neuropsicológica para valoración de lenguaje. Durante un periodo de 16 semanas, se aplicó un programa de intervención rehabilitatoria neuropsicológica basado en las dificultades de articulación identificadas durante la evaluación inicial y dividido en un total de cuatro fases, con un objetivo específico cada una. Resultados. Se observó aumento en la habilidad para articular fonemas, disminución en las parafasias literales y un incremento en el lenguaje expresivo verbal del sujeto. Conclusión. La valoración asociada al trastorno de lenguaje específico de afasia motora aferente y el diseño de un tratamiento adecuado a las características de esta alteración ayudaron a corregir las dificultades de punto y modo de articulación observadas en este sujeto, así como a la reorganización de habilidades de pensamiento más complejas.

Objective. Brain-damage derived impairments, such as aphasic syndromes, can result in several levels of dysfunction in the subject's activity, such as aphasic syndromes. Neuropsychology is the discipline which is dedicated to the functional characterization of the rehabilitatory analysis of the aphasic syndromes. Frequently, data obtained with the help of neurolinguistics and neuroimaging techniques (CAT, fIRM) are used in neuropsychology. Using case analysis, to present a rehabilitation method based on Luria's principles which demonstrate the advantage of using an assessment and rehabilitation diagnosis-related program for the creation of treatment in afferent motor aphasia syndromes. Method. To achieve this goal a method of a case study was carried out on a 30 year old patient with a recent vascular cerebral event, with initial assessment and diagnosis, using a neuropsychological assessment battery designed for language evaluation, in individual sessions, and a final assessment over a period of sixteen weeks. A neuropsychological rehabilitation intervention program was designed, based on the articulation impairments identified during the first assessment, divided in a total of four phases, each one with a specific objective. Results. The patient showed an improvement in phoneme articulation skills, also a reduction in literal paraphasic symptoms, and an increase in the verbal expressive language of the subject. Conclusion. The motor afferent language specific assessment, and the design of a suitable treatment for the characteristics of this disorder, helped in the correction of the position and mode articulation difficulties observed in this subject, as well as reorganization of higher complex thinking skills.

Escopo. As alterações derivadas do dano cerebral, como os síndromes afásicos, podem desencadear disfunções em diferentes níveis da atividade do paciente. A neuropsicología de Luria tem sido a disciplina dedicada à funcional e análise reabilitatorio dos síndromes afásicos. Com frequência, a este análise são incorporados dados colhidos com técnicas neurolinguísticas e de neuroimagem. (TAC, fMRI). Apresentar um método de reabilitação baseado nos princípios de Luria que demostra a vantagem de utilizar uma avaliação e um programa de reabilitação relacionado ao diagnóstico para a criação de tratamentos para a afasia motora aferente. Metodologia. Foi levado a cabo um estudo de caso numa paciente de 30 anos de idade com recente evento vascular cerebral com avaliação pre e postratamento. A avaliação inicial incluiu o diagnóstico neuropsicológico, para o que foi utilizada uma bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica para valoração da linguagem. Durante um período de 16 semanas, foi aplicado um programa de intervenção reabilitatória neuropsicológica baseado nas dificuldades de articulação identificadas durante a avaliação inicial, dividido num total de quatro fases com um escopo específico cada uma. Resultados. Foi observado um aumento na habilidade para articular fonemas, diminuição nas parafasias literais e um incremento na linguagem expressiva verbal do sujeito. Conclusão. A valoração associada ao transtorno da linguagem específica de afasia motora aferente e o desenho de um tratamento adequado para as características de esta alteração ajudaram a corrigir as dificuldades de ponto e modo de articulação observadas neste sujeito, assim como a reorganização de habilidades de pensamento mais complexas.

Eficácia da Terapia da Entonação Melódica Adaptada: Estudo de Caso de Paciente com Afasia de Broca / Efficacy of The Adapted Melodic Intonation Therapy: a case study of a Broca?s Aphasia Patient / Eficacia de la terapia de Entonación Melódica Adaptada: Estudio de caso de un paciente con afasia de Broca

Introdução: A preservação da habilidade de cantar tem sido utilizada para promover a recuperação linguística de pacientes afásicos com défices expressivos, sendo designada como Terapia da Entoação Melódica (TEM). Objetivo: Testar a eficácia terapêutica de um programa de reabilitação de linguagem através da música, com base na TEM, numa paciente com diagnóstico de afasia de Broca pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) no hemisfério esquerdo (HE). Método: Desenho experimental de caso únicodo tipo AB com múltiplas linhas de base. Participante: sexo feminino (G.), destra, 46 anos de idade, pós AVC isquêmico há aproximadamente cinco anos com consequente afasia de Broca. Procedimentos: avaliação neuropsicolinguística antes, durante e no final da terapia. O tratamento ocorreu durante três meses, em dois encontros semanais (24 sessões). Resultados: Importante melhora na fluência verbal, havendo um aumento do número de palavras produzidas por minuto durante o discurso conversacional, redução das anomias, melhora na sintaxe e na dispraxia de fala. Quanto às funções neuropsicolinguísticas: melhora no desempenho da paciente nas funções de atenção, memória de trabalho, memória verbal episódico-semântica (reconhecimento), memória prospectiva, nomeação, leitura em voz alta e escrita espontânea e ditada. Conclusão: as funções neuropsicolinguísticas não envolvidas no processo da TEM permaneceram com desempenhos iguais nas avaliações inicial e final, indicando que as melhoras de G. nas demais funções ocorreram em virtude da intervenção. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a TEM semostrou eficaz para um caso de afasia de Broca.

Introduction: Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is a therapeutic method which uses the ability to sing to promote the recovery of linguistic deficits in aphasic patients with primarily expressive impairment. Objective: Testing the efficacy of a music-based language rehabilitation program, adaptedfrom MIT in a patient with Broca?s aphasia due to stroke in the left cerebral hemisphere (LH). Method: This research used the methodology of AB single case experimental design with multiple baselines. The participant G. is a female, right-handed, 46-year-old Brazilian; presenting Broca?s aphasia. G. suffered an ischemic stroke five years before speech therapy intervention began. Neuropsycholinguistic evaluation was undertaken before, during, and at the end of therapy. The treatment took place over three months, in two weekly meetings (24 sessions). Results: significant improvement was observed in verbal fluency, with an increased number of words produced per minute during conversational speech, anomiareduction, improved syntax and reduction of speech dyspraxia. Regarding neuropsychological functions, improvements were observed in the following functions: attention, working memory, verbal episodic semantic memory (recognition), naming, reading sentences aloud, identifying words and repeating words. Conclusion: the neuropsychological functions which were not trained in the MIT process remained the same before and after therapy. This indicates that improvements in the trained functions occurred due to intervention. Thus, it can be concluded that the MIT has proven effective in this case of Broca?s aphasia.

Introducción: la preservación de la capacidad de cantar ha sido utilizada para promover la recuperación lingüística de pacientes afásicos con déficits significativos, siendo llamada Terapia de Entonación Melódica (TEM). Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un programa de rehabilitación de lenguaje través la música, bajo la base de TEM, en una paciente con afasia de Broca después de Accidente Cerebrovascular (ACV) en el hemisferio izquierdo (HI). Métodos: Diseño experimental de caso único de tipo AB con múltiples líneas de base. Participante: sexo femenino (G.), diestra, 46 años de edad, después de Accidente Cerebrovascular isquémico hacen aproximadamente cinco años, con consecuente afasia de Broca. Procedimientos: Evaluación neuropsicolinguística antes, durante y al final de la terapia. El tratamiento fue llevado a cabo por tres meses, con frecuencia de dos sesiones por semana (24 sesiones). Resultados: Mejora significativa en la fluidez verbal, con aumento en el número de palabrasproducidas por minuto durante el habla conversacional, reducción de anomias, mejora de la sintaxis y de la dispraxia del habla. Cuanto a las funciones neuropsicológicas: mejora del rendimiento en las funciones de atención, memoria de trabajo, memoria episódica verbal semántica (reconocimiento), memoria prospectiva, denominación, lectura en voz alta, escritura espontánea y dictado. Conclusión: las funciones neuropsicológicas no involucradas en el proceso de TEM permanecieron con actuaciones iguales en las evaluaciones inicial y final, lo que indica que las mejoras de G. en las demás funciones han sido producido por la intervención. Se puede concluir que la TEM ha demostrado eficacia en uncaso de afasia de Broca.

Sentence production in rehabilitation of agrammatism: a case study / Produção de sentenças na reabilitação de agramatismo: um estudo de caso

Agrammatism is characterized by morphosyntactic deficits in production of sentences. Studies dealing with the treatment of these deficits are scarce and their results controversial. The present study describes the rehabilitation of a case diagnosed as chronic Broca?s aphasia, with agrammatism, using a method directed to sentence structural deficits. The method aims to expand the grammatical repertoire by training production of sentences with support from contexts that stimulate actions and dialogues. The patient showed positive results on all types of sentences trained and generalized the gains to spontaneous speech. However, these benefits were not sustained in the long term.

O agramatismo é marcado por déficits morfossintáticos na produção das sentenças. Estudos que abordam o tratamento destas dificuldades são escassos e controversos. O presente estudo descreveu a reabilitação de uma paciente com agramatismo associado à afasia de Broca em fase crônica, por meio de programa de estruturação de sentenças. Trata-se de método que visa à expansão do repertório gramatical através do treino com apoio de contextos que estimulam ações e diálogos. A paciente obteve resultados positivos em todos os tipos de frases treinadas, com ganhos generalizados para contextos de fala espontânea. No entanto, os benefícios não se mantiveram em longo termo.

Afasia: una perspectiva clínica / Aphasia: a clinical perspective

Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional signs that results from the functioning of different brain areas located mainly in the left hemisphere. Clinical evaluation of aphasia implicates the examination of oral and written language. Aphasia is an acquired language disorders due to a brain damage that affect all modalities: oral expression, auditory comprehension, reading and writing. Various types of aphasias can be induced, each with well defined clinical characteristics that can be correlated with specific areas of the brain. The prognosis depends mainly on the etiology, size of the lesion, type of aphasia and its severity. Treatment objectives include: satisfying the communicational needs of the patient, and achieving psychosocial adaptation of the subject and his family. Both objectives improve the quality of life of our patients...

Early Recurrent Right Basal Ganglia Infarction after Intravenous Thrombolysis for Left Basal Ganglia Infarction Management

A 43-year-old man with no notable medical history was admitted due to sudden onset dysarthria and right side weakness. The man was diagnosed with acute infarction of left basal ganglia (BG) and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM). After 9 hours post the thrombolysis, mental change and left side weakness symptoms were newly observed, and the man was additionally diagnosed with acute infarction in right BG.The man showed symptoms of quadriplegia and was fed through nasogastric tube. He showed motor aphasia, and no signs of phonation, but showed some indications of intact cognition. After rehabilitation therapies, the man showed marginal improvement in motor function, but still lacked any meaningful changes functionally. This is the first case of symmetric bilateral BG infarction, which one-sided infarction additionally occurred within 24 hours post the treatment of contralateral infarction through thrombolysis. Also,the features observed were atypical while the patient has no previous external causes related with bilateral BG infarction.

Primary progressive aphasia: Classification of variants in 100 consecutive Brazilian cases / Afasia Progressiva Primária: classificação das variantes em 100 casos consecutivos brasileiros

ABSTRACT Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative clinical syndrome characterized primarily by progressive language impairment. Recently, consensus diagnostic criteria were published for the diagnosis and classification of variants of PPA. The currently recognized variants are nonfluent/agrammatic (PPA-G), logopenic (PPA-L) and semantic (PPA-S). Objective: To analyze the demographic data and the clinical classification of 100 PPA cases. Methods: Data from 100 PPA patients who were consecutively evaluated between 1999 and 2012 were analyzed. The patients underwent neurological, cognitive and language evaluation. The cases were classified according to the proposed variants, using predominantly the guidelines proposed in the consensus diagnostic criteria from 2011. Results: The sample consisted of 57 women and 43 men, aged at onset 67.2±8.1 years (range of between 53 and 83 years). Thirty-five patients presented PPA-S, 29 PPA-G and 16 PPA-L. It was not possible to classify 20% of the cases into any one of the proposed variants. Conclusion: It was possible to classify 80% of the sample into one of the three PPA variants proposed. Perhaps the consensus classification requires some adjustments to accommodate cases that do not fit into any of the variants and to avoid overlap where cases fit more than one variant. Nonetheless, the established current guidelines are a useful tool to address the classification and diagnosis of PPA and are also of great value in standardizing terminologies to improve consistency across studies from different research centers.

RESUMO A afasia progressiva primária (APP) é uma síndrome clínica neurodegenerativa caracterizada pelo comprometimento predominante e progressivo da linguagem. Recentemente, foi publicado um consenso clínico para o diagnóstico e classificação das variantes da APP. As variantes reconhecidas atualmente são: não-fluente/agramática (APP-G), logopênica (APP-L) e semântica (APP-S). Objetivo: Analisar os dados demográficos e classificar as variantes de uma amostra de 100 casos de APP. Métodos: Foram analisados os achados de 100 pacientes de APP que foram encaminhados consecutivamente para avaliação fonoaudiológica entre 1999 e 2012. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação neurológica, cognitiva e de linguagem. A partir, principalmente, dos critérios elaborados pelo consenso clinico de APP, os casos foram classificados em uma das variantes. Resultados: Cem casos, 43 homens e 57 mulheres, foram avaliados. A idade de início variou entre 53 e 83 anos (x=67.2 (±8.1). Foram identificados 35 casos de APP-S, 29 de APP-G e 16 de APP-L. Vinte casos não se enquadraram em nenhumas das três variantes. Conclusão: Foi possível classificar distúrbio de linguagem em 80% da amostra em uma das três variantes de APP. A recomendação atual estabelecida pelo consenso clínico é uma ferramenta útil para direcionar a classificação e diagnóstico da APP e também é de grande valor para uniformidade das terminologias entre os diferentes centros de pesquisa. Porém, alguns ajustes seriam interessantes para contemplar os casos que não se encaixam em nenhuma das variantes e para evitar a sobreposição de casos que poderiam se encaixar em mais de uma variante.

The Therapeutic Effect of Neurologic Music Therapy and Speech Language Therapy in Post-Stroke Aphasic Patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of neurologic music therapy (NMT) and speech language therapy (SLT) through improvement of the aphasia quotient (AQ) in post-stroke aphasic patients. METHODS: Twenty-one post-stroke, nonfluent aphasia patients who had ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke on radiologic evaluation were divided into the NMT and SLT groups. They received NMT and SLT for 1 month. Language function was assessed by Korean version-Western Aphasia Battery before and after therapy. NMT consisted of therapeutic singing and melodic intonation therapy, and SLT consisted of language-oriented therapy. RESULTS: Significant improvements were revealed in AQ, repetition, and naming after therapy in the NMT group and improvements in repetition in the SLT group of chronic stroke patients (p<0.05). There were significant improvements in language ability in the NMT group of subacute stroke patients. However, there was no significant improvement in the SLT group of subacute stroke patients. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the two therapies are effective treatments in the chronic stage of stroke and NMT is effective in subacute post-stroke aphasic patients.